Dwarf Huckleberry

Gaylussacia dumosa

Ericaceae

Yesterday John and George experienced Savannas Preserve State Park near Port St. Lucie and featuring marshes, wet prairies, scrub, low pinewoods, and all the associated biodiversity. CLICK to visit. The area is rich in members of the Azalea Family, the Ericacaceae, including today’s little oddity, Dwarf Huckleberry. The Dwarf Huckleberry was the show-plant of the day, in full bloom on high dry sandy spots hanging out with its relatives tarflowers and blueberries.

Dwarf Huckleberry. All photos today, except the damaged blueberry flowers, by John Bradford.

Two things about Dwarf Huckleberry deserve attention in Treasure Coast Natives. Each has an historical component.

Historical Thing 1. Odd distribution. If you’d like an example of a case proving species are tough to define, here it is. Harvard Professor Merritt Lyndon Fernald who reigned as King of northeastern U.S. botany for the first half of the 20^th Century, studied our huckleberry and perceived one species with two varieties distributed eye-poppingly from Newfoundland to very nearly where John and I saw it yesterday. Fernald dubbed the northern populations Gaylusaccia dumas variety bigeloviana, noting only minor differences between these and the southern variety (var. dumosa). The truly interesting part was an ecological component, with the populations at the northern end of the distribution mostly in bogs, and those to the south more prone to dry sandy habitats. (It might be worth mentioning that bogs, with extreme acidity, can be “physiologically dry.” There are other cases of split bog-upland distributions.)

Yesterday at Savannas.

This single-species view prevailed for almost 100 years until a new interpretation popped up in 2007, granting the northern end of the bipolar complex to secede as Gaylusaccia bigeloviana. The fuzzy geographic border between G. bigeloviana and the remaining G. dumosa runs across the Carolinas. So in short, a classic botanical situation: a plant group stretched out over a long distribution, with some differences pole-to-pole. One widespread species with two varieties? Two species? Something else? You decide. Want to argue? No thanks—pretty much a fool’s argument really. No matter how you slice and dice it, dwarf huckleberries from bogs in Newfoundland look like plants John and I saw in Savannas Preserve State Park. (For northward peek, see p. 5 CLICK)

Historical Thing 2. Crimes against nature. Back in 1888 botanist L.H. Pammel—noteworthy as an advising professor to George Washington Carver—published a long treatise on the “perforation of flowers,” that is, on holes drilled into blossoms by insects to rob nectar, as opposed to entering properly. Nectar thieves! One of his examples was, yep, Gaylusaccia dumosa burgled by five species of wasps, as

Related to Huckleberry, these Blueberry flowers have been perforated and robbed. Prof. Pammel would like this photo, which I’ve borrowed from Google Images.

observed at Orlando, Florida, nipping holes in the side of the bell-shaped petal tube. The circumstances of that observation in Orlando ca. 1888 must have been interesting! Do wasps consume nectar? Yes, some do, including sting-less males of certain species.

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Huckleberry FAQ’s

1. What does Gaylussacia mean? Joseph Gay-Lussac (1778-1850) was a prominent French chemist. Dumosa is a specific epithet applied to plant in thickets.

2. How do Huckleberries differ from their cousins, the Blueberries? Blueberries have a variable number of seeds loose in the berry. Huckleberries have 10 seeds in the fruit, each seed in a little hard case.

3. Where can I see a modern classification of huckleberries? http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=113345

Our species, color plate from Curtis Botanical Magazine

10 Comments

Posted by George Rogers on March 23, 2014 in Dwarf Huckleberry, Huckleberry

Tags: Dwarf Huckleberry, Gaylusaccia dumosa, Savannas Preserve State Park

Saw Grass

16 Mar

Saw Grass

Cladium jamaicense

Cyperaceae

John and George failed to hit the wilderness this week for diverse reasons, including a mandatory Friday campus meeting for George, and John completing the revision of our grass web site CLICK

The website adventure has resembled crossing the Everglades in a Speedo, bled by typo mosquitoes, wrestling tech support pythons, and sliced raw by Sawgrass. John did 90% of the work, and the new revision is a breath of fresh air with better info, old editorial sins corrected, updated photos, and improved performance. In honor of the occasion, today’s blog must of course be Sawgrass. SAW HERE

It is the sworn duty of anyone writing about Sawgrass to point out quickly that we’re talking about a sedge, not a grass. The name is not 100% misnomer though, the “grass” saws with gusto.

All photos today are Sawgrass by John Bradford.

When I think of Sawgrass, I think of the Everglades or maybe picking up cool kicks at 40% below retail at Sawgrass Mills. SHOP HERE The big sedge is not just a Florida possession however. It ranges from Virginia to Texas and into the West Indies; after all, the name is “jamaicense,” not “floridacense.” And, oddly, there is a population in Hawaii regarded as indigenous. Sawgrasses get around. The “seeds” (achenes) float, and they mature a little fleshy presumably promoting bird dispersal. With species borders debatable, there are Cladiums from Mexico to northern Canada through Europe all the way to Australia. (CLICK for one classification.) Cladium mariscoides, a more-northern species with harmless foliage ventures as far south as North Florida.

Beyond the floating fruits, how does one species fill vast areas, quickly and competitively after fires and hurricanes? Like many sedges, Sawgrass has rhizomes protected in the moist soil for spreading and regeneration, ho hum. More interesting is an ability that crops up here and there among sedges, formation of baby plantlets in the inflorescence, not from seeds but clones of the mother plant—pups or bulbils. You can see similar clonal babies at the tops of many Agave plants or on “Walking Iris.” Sometimes the babies take root when their inflorescence bends to the ground, allowing the sedge to “walk” across the land.

The sawtooth leaves give today’s plant its reputation as a bloody gauntlet to traverse. But why do the leaves have those teeth? The kneejerk answer is to deter eating, but maybe—just a hunch—there’s more to the story. What’s the biggest threat to a plant that fills acres of wetland? Herbivory? Maybe, but competition from surrounding vegetation, even other Sawgrasses, is conceivably a more pressing issue. Can those infamous leaf margins slash adjacent vegetation as they lash about in the wind?

Sawgrass is chiefly a freshwater species with limited salt tolerance. As saltwater intrusion boosts salinity in some habitats, Sawgrass loses market-share to more salt-loving competition.

The famous competitive threat to Sawgrass is by Cattails which have taken over in places. A much-discussed contributing factor is artificially high phosphorus levels from pollution entering the naturally nutrient-limited Everglades systems, tipping the competitive balance. But life is never simple. Cattails and Sawgrass share an adaptation to flooded soils – air channels called aerenchyma (air-EN-caw-maw) in the roots bestowing upon both the super power of flood tolerance. But according to research, Cattails have greater tolerance, and are perhaps more robust to soil toxins. Cattails are favored, it seems, where water is impounded deeper and longer than Sawgrass prefers. Of course you could write a book about disturbances to marsh ecosystems and consequences to the species balance. Chapters in the book would concern salinity, nutrients, toxins, water levels, and fires. But all of that may be subsumed under the final chapter: Sawgrass marshes are predominantly coastal, and sea level rise from Global Climate Change may have the last word. Why worry about a few cattails?

6 Comments

Posted by George Rogers on March 16, 2014 in Saw Grass

Tags: Cladium, sawgrass

Flip-Flopper Flowers

07 Mar

Spurred Butterfly Pea

Centrosema virginianum

Fabaceae

Centrosema virginianum 7

John and George devoted much of the day to revising our Grass and Sedge web site www.floridagrasses.org (you will still see the “bad” old version), but today was too enticing to remain cooped up inside, so we took a botanical look at the Hawk’s Bluff Trail, a scrubby coastal dune area near Jensen Beach, and part of Savannas Preserve State Park. Any witness would testify that the flower show today was Butterfly Pea, Centrosema virginianum. Hundreds in bloom decorated the trail.

These are curious members of the Pea Family, with an odd twist. To establish comparative context, let’s start with normal pea-type flowers. There are five petals (see the diagram, top yellow images).

A “banner,” which is a showy billboard rising up above the rest of the flower
Two “wings” which stick out straight from the center of the flower. These paired petals can be small or sometimes tough to see. They are not important today.
And a “keel” at the base of the flower made of two petals joined to form a boat-shaped envelope, open-side-up serving as landing platform for bees. The keel contains the business parts of the flower, the pollen-receptive stigma and the pollen-making anthers. When a bee lights on the keel, the keel bends down, and the stigma and anthers pop up to contact the underside of the visitor. This sort of normal pea flower is detailed in an earlier blog

Now, turn the beat around. In Centrosema (and in similar Clitoria) the flower is essentially the same but flipped, with the keel on top and the banner at the base, the banner now serving as landing platform. When an insect visits these flowers, the keel with its stigma and anthers is above the bee.

Top: Standard pea-type flower
Bottom: Flipped Centrosema flower

Side view, with X-ray vision, of Centrosema keel and the style hidden within

A similar flip-flop is seen in Orchids. In a minority of Orchids the big showy petal (called the labellum) rises up just like the banner in normal Pea Flowers. And the stigma/anther unit (called the column) serves as landing platform just as the keel hiding the stigma and anthers does in a standard Pea Flower. (Such Orchids are called non-resupinate Orchids.)

The majority of Orchids, however, are flipped 180 to resemble Centrosema, that is, with the labellum (banner) as the welcome mat, and the stigma-anther unit arching above. (Such Orchids are called resupinate Orchids.) Here are some resupinate Orchids. CLICK

You can see the odd resemblance of resupinate Orchids to Butterfly Peas. And so can so-called “Orchid Bees,” that is, Euglossine Bees, caught in the act occasionally of visiting Centrosema. BUZZ here Is the Centrosema floral-flip a mechanism to poach Orchid bees^*?

Those flowers are flip-floppers!

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Notes:

^*Don’t let me over-state the “Orchid Bee” -Centrosema hunch, which has occurred to other botanists before today. Euglossine bees are not limited to Orchids (and to Orchid lookalikes), and Centrosemas do have a variety of floral visitors. But still, Orchido-centric bees visiting Orchid-mimicking flowers is fertile hunch fodder.

John and I enjoyed the common Centrosema virginianum, but there are additional Butterfly Peas in Florida. Centrosema arenicola is state-listed as endangered; most of its range is Central Florida. Another, presumed to be a garden escape, is Centrosema sagittatum. (There are similar species of Clitoria also.)

Being good legumes, Centrosemas serve as cover crops, green manures, and rubber, and as livestock fodder.

3 Comments

Posted by George Rogers on March 7, 2014 in Butterfly Pea

Tags: centrosema, Hawks Bluff

Orchid Weeds, Fungal Needs, and Wind-Blown Seeds

01 Mar

Lawn Orchid, Soldiers Orchid

Zeuxine strateumatica

Orchidaceae

St. Johns Wort in JD Park Feb. 28. All photos today by John Bradford

When I think of Orchids, I think of jungle epiphytes, or exotic fieldtrips, or corsages, or my brother’s flowery greenhouse (and the morons who broke into it recently probably looking for pot, only to leave the doors open in an 8-degree Michigan night).

Or, more botanically speaking, I think of the largest plant family that has splintered itself into maybe 30,000 species famous for specialized habitat niches, dedicated pollinators, restricted fungal associates, and narrow geographic ranges. In short, voted, “least likely to be weeds.”

That “it’s not us” perception seems fundamental to the enormous world trade in Orchids, shuffling the Franken-hybrid and species plants all over the place surprisingly unrestricted and with little thought to potential escape into natural habitats. Too bad that invasive exotic Orchids exist and seem to be getting worse.

Cheesy Toes in JD Feb. 28.

Which Orchids dominate the commercial and hobby trade? Answer: The ones with broad tolerances and flexible needs. Same reason so many other exotics have become invasive. And much like the spores of weedy ferns, Orchid seeds are dust blowin’ in the wind. Every warm climate worldwide has Orchid enthusiasts, and cultivated Orchids are getting loose with documented adverse effects, for instance, disease spreading from invasive species to native Orchids. Epipactis helleborine is a good-old weedy species across cool latitudes. Disa bracteata is a self-pollinated nuisance ground Orchid in Australia. And new pests are turning up, perhaps most alarmingly in Hawaii.

Lawn Orchid, Zeuxine, in JD, Feb. 28

Even though most Orchids are too constrained by their local pollinators and fungal associates to venture untended outside their normal ranges, some are self-pollinated or able to form seeds unpollinated. Some find new pollinators, such as the Brazilian Parana Cowhorn Orchid Cyrtopodium flavum (C. polyphyllum) sneaking into Florida aided by an exotic bee (reported in Botany 88: 290. 2010). Some weedy Orchids bring their fungal associates with them, or find new consorts.

My three most recent Orchid encounters in local wild areas were weedy Orchids, probably all non-native species. (The exact nativity of species with dustlike wind-blown seeds, and of weedy species in general can be unclear.) On our class field trip yesterday a sharp-eyed student spotted a pretty Orchid. How nice! At that moment I was unsure of the identity, but at home later with resources in hand, realized it was Eulophia graminea, an invasive Asian species. In the same class, the students had previously spotted Monk Orchid, Oeceoclades maculata, an invasive weedy reportedly alien species CLICK with distinctive blotched (maculata) foliage. This weed extends from Africa (see comments) to Tropical America, and into the Caribbean and Florida. I wonder if Global Warming is helping a northward progression, only a vague hunch. A quick search of the Florida Atlas of Vascular Plants turns up a baker’s dozen non-native Orchids.

The feral Orchid trend continued today. John and George just can’t stay out of Jonathan Dickinson State Park—such a lovely destination in the cool sunshine with Pawpaws, Gallberries, St. Johnsworts, Water Lilies, Silkgrass, and Marsh-Pinks in bloom.

As we stepped out of the car, hey look, an Orchid. Lawn Orchid, Zeuxine strateumatica it was. The invasive exotic Old World species decorates lawns and disturbed moist spots in several southern states. In cultivation it can be medium-magnificent. When escaped, it looks pretty but unassuming.

The species ranges more or less naturally (?) from the Middle East to the Pacific Islands, and has spread beyond. The first U.S. report dates to 1936 near Fellsmere, Florida. Harvard University researchers in the 1940’s (see citation below) surmised speculatively that the Orchid hitchhiked here with imported Centipede Grass around WWI but failed to spread at first because its usual fungal associate was not sufficiently established locally. By almost WWII, the necessary fungus, Rhizoctonia mucoroides, had a local foothold, and the Orchid-fungus duo spread with alacrity. Dig this: The Orchid’s seeds germinate only in the presence of the fungus, which researchers isolated from the Zeuxine in Florida and in its native Java.

Multiple botanists explain Zeuxine’s viable seeds without a known local pollinator as probable self-pollination and/or seed formation without benefit of pollination. Such (apomictic) seeds contain a clone of the mother plant. Determining if the plants self-pollinate or produce seed-borne clones is a feasible student research project.

Lawn Orchid comes and goes mysteriously. John and I often park where we encountered it, but have never seen the little imp there previously. The first time I saw the species was in masses behind a store in Jupiter. It vanished. I wonder if the “here today gone tomorrow” behavior explains Linnaeus’s name, “Orchis strateumatica,” with strateuma in Greek a roving band or regiment of soldiers. The plant’s basic lifestyle explains the peek-a-boo: There is an underground stem rooted at one end, with the opposite end capable of rising up and flowering. After coming up like a periscope, the flowery end dies down out of sight. At that time the fungus presumably sustains the subterranean stem saprophytically until some environmental cue says, “up-periscope.”

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Note:

An account of the biological side of the Zeuxine strateumatica invasion appears in Mycologia 34: 380-390. 1942.

10 Comments

Posted by George Rogers on March 1, 2014 in Lawn Orchid

Tags: lawn orchid, zeuxine

What did Stonhenge and Trapper Nelson’s Cabin Have in Common?

24 Feb

Brookweed

Samolus verlandi (Or Samolus verlandi subsp. parviflorus, or S. parviflorus)

Traditionally Primulaceae (Or Samolaceae)

Today John and George visited the “Tarzan of the Loxahatchee’s” historic camp in Jonathan Dickinson State Park CLICK Trapper Nelson’s ghost still haunts the vicinity as the abundant offspring of his exotic fruit trees, bamboos, and other apparent introductions to illustrate the consequences of bringing non-native species into a native habitat.

Of the flowering natives along the swampy river shore the stars of the show were Lizards’s Tails CLICK, and speaking of lizards, we almost missed this camouflaged peek-a-boo:

The prize for best supporting flower goes to pretty little Brookweed.

Samolus verlandi (All photos today by John Bradford)

Samolus verlandi (Both photos today by John Bradford)

Brookweed is not an everyday flower. The species is not rare, but you have to go to a squishy habitat at the right time. The plant is a charmer, sort of delicate, sort of shy, with tiny white bright flowers in the dancing jungle sun and shadows. (There is a second species in Florida, S.ebracteatus.)

When I want to know more about a plant, the first place I often look is the Flora of North America. CLICK And when I saw there the suggestion that the plant was probably known to the Druids, that caught my eye.

I mean, how many plants do we know from the Druids!? The connection between Druids and Samolus comes from an account by Pliny the Elder (23 – 79 AD), well known to botanists as author of the medically biased “Field Guide to Everything” from the Roman Empire. Pliny recorded the Druids to pick their Brookweed without looking at it, while fasting, with their left hand, to serve as a veterinary medicine. So John shot a picture of our Samolus left-handed and blindfolded before lunch.

(By the way, Stonehenge and Druids tend to be mentioned together. If not for Stonehenge, I’d not know a Druid if he walked up and said “good day for human sacrifice.” But truth told, I do not know enough to vouch for the veracity of the Druid-Stonehenge connection.)

You may have noticed two competing classifications for today’s little posie, one classification is as a separate North American species (S. parviflorus) distributed from nippy northern Canada to toasty Florida and southward to Bolivia. That is quite an impressive distribution. (And it is in Japan too?)

The competing classification extends the range even more broadly if the North American “S. parviflorus” is merged into a broadly interpreted S. verlandi, a species with a huge multicontinental distribution: the Americas, Europe, and beyond. Just to broaden the blog, let’s go arbitrarily with the big inclusive interpretation of S. verlandi embracing our little wildflower at Trapper Nelson’s. That is more fun, since must of what is written about Samolus is based on S. verlandi.

Those little Samolus verlandi flowers are an example of “plan B” pollination. Let me explain. You might say throughout the plant world generally pollination from a separate individual is best. That is why we have the birds and the bees. So we’ll call pollen brought from a different plant “plan A.”

But if outside pollination fails there is a backup mechanism—“plan B” is self-pollination, that is, a single flower pollinates itself in lonely desperation. In this contingency, the pollen-bearing stamens tilt inward until they brush pollen onto the stigma of the same blossom. In the link below the photographer caught a Samolus with one flower where the stamens are upright (righthand flower), and another flower (on the left) as the stamens begin to curve inward toward the stigma CLICK

Samolus verlandi seems to like salt. Other observers comment on the affinity of the species for habitats lightly salty—not too much, not too little. I have a hunch that the Loxahatchee River at Trapper Nelsons is lightly salty with variations from the weather, tide, and season.

Samolus verlandi has a minor market in commercial horticulture as a submerged aquarium plant and as an indoor container plant.

6 Comments

Posted by George Rogers on February 24, 2014 in Brookweed

Tags: Brookeweed, Jonathan Dickinson State Park, Samolus, Trapper Nelson

Tough Bullies and Bungee-Jumping Worms

15 Feb

Golden-Asters

Chrysopsis scabrella

Asteraceae

Willow-Bustic on Hobe Mountain. All photos today by John Bradford.

Yesterday John and George continued a multiweek appreciation of Jonathan Dickinson State Park, exploring this episode mostly the scrub area around Hobe “Mountain” (big coastal dune). The alpine vistas are postcard pretty, and the montane flora is joyous too. Understand, this massive pile of white sand looks like something out of Arizona, complete with cacti, big agaves, and no doubt rattlesnakes. Especially eye-catching yesterday in bud/early flowering were two different species of “Bullies”: Tough Bully (Sideroxylon tenax) and Willow-Bustic (S. salicifolium).

The Willow-Bustic, alternatively encountered as a hammock species in our experience, stood out as one of the dominant woody species on the fulsome dune, and the Tough Bully made its impression as an old, weather-worn, lichen-covered individual in the middle of historical Camp Murphy. CLICK The kinky tree could pass for a small live oak, and looked old enough to have been around in the WWII heyday of Camp Murphy, and gnarled and sand-blasted enough to be straight out of Lawrence of Arabia.

Tough Bully on N base of Hobe Mountain

Tough Bully flowers yesterday (2/14)

At that site, and throughout scrubs and dry pinewoods, is a vibrant yellow presence right now, Coastalplain Golden-Aster, Chysopsis scabrella, a sand-loving, sun-drenched, indestructible yellow-flowered ray of sunshine in Florida and nearby Southeastern States. The ability of this species to thrive baking on sugar sand is remarkable. It flourishes blooming on bare open windswept sand where it almost seems little else can survive.

Golden-Asters on Hobe Mountain

Not very exciting or photogenic, the root is a massive brush infiltrating the sand below. The above-ground growth presents more to describe and photograph. The early growth is a fuzzy gray-green rosette, leading some botanists to dub the plant a biennial, although the life cycle seems more complex than that. A stem rises, oh let’s say, 2 feet from the rosette, and something curious happens, the leaves in the lower part of the stem wither, as though the plant in its extreme habitat sheds foliage it does not absolutely need, taking a little inspiration from cacti and other leafless or minimal-foliage desert plants.

Golden-Asters

Another Florida member of the Composite Family that likes to accumulate fragrant dead leaves along the stem is “Rabbit Tobacco.” SMOKE THIS Every time I see the dry Golden Aster leaves I experience, but resist, an urge to try smoking them. (That would be beyond stupid, but stupidity does not always stop me.) Interestingly, also, the soft pith in the center of the stem seems to fizzle out…again, the plant shedding all but necessary tissue?

The fruits

Around here the Golden Aster lives up to its name with a stunning late-winter canary floral display although flowering is not confined to this season. In late winter, now, a new rosette (basal leaf cluster) forms as a side-branch at the old plant’s base. In a garden setting you might say it makes “offsets,” or “pups,” not an uncommon behavior in desert species, for example agaves.

Plant with pup

So perhaps the Golden-Aster is an improved biennial…yes, it goes from rosette to flowering stem, maybe even in two years in the fashion of a biennial, but then remakes a new rosette based on the existing hard-earned and precious root system, and thus is sort of an immortal “biennial.” How many years one root system generates annual resurrections would be fun to know.

As John and I were photographing, and sniffing the fragrant foliage, and savoring the Golden Asters we noticed an entomological curiosity. At the bases of the flower heads (the units that look like single yellow flowers) often a little whitish larva maybe ¼ inch long nestles in a little cup with its frass. When disturbed, the wee stowaway bungee jumps on a silk thread. (It probably leaps when the flower head disintegrates, rockin’ its dreamboat.) We do not know what the hidden hobbit is. John posted photos on BugGuide.net, yielding opinions of moth, although which species is not clear. We’d love to know.

Stowaway emerging from opened flower head. He's PO'ed.

Annoyed stowaway emerging from opened flower head.

We’d love to know so much we placed occupied flower heads in containers hoping maybe we can “rear one out” for definitive ID. In the meantime, there’s a mystery trespasser in the Golden Aster flower heads.

You never know!

25 Comments

Posted by George Rogers on February 15, 2014 in Golden-Asters

Tags: Chrysopsis, Golden-Aster, Hobe Mountain, Moth

Buttered Up and Pinch-Trapped

08 Feb

Yellow Butterwort

Pinguicula lutea CLICK

Lentibulariaceae

John and George today visited the best botany site in town: Jonathan Dickinson State Park near Hobe Sound, Florida. All the showy flowers were yellow: Golden-Asters, Silk-Grass, Yellow Milkworts, and buttery Butterworts. We’ll zoom in on the last-mentioned.

Butterwort. All plant photos today by John Bradford.

Pinguicula lutea bags bugs across the Southeastern U.S. in sunny moist habitats. Today it was in the intimate company of two additional critter-eatin’ carnivores, Bladderworts and Sundews. Bladderwort slurps tiny prey into a trap. Sundew catches lunch using sticky hairs. Butterworts are botanical flypaper, the upper surfaces of the leaves are sticky, and the edges of the leaves curl in to engulf the fresh meat. After the meal, the leaves spread out. Look closely, the tops of the leaves have hairs to secrete the stickum, and little droplets of digestive enzymes. I’ve read of pollen being a protein source for Butterworts. Makes sense, as it too would catch on the flypaper. How much of a contribution, if anything meaningful, comes from pollen is open to research.

The name Pinguicula comes from Latin for fatty, as in butter, so I guess the name “Butterwort” refers to the leaf surfaces more than to the bright yellow blossoms.

Lunch, caught in the butter. Butterwort is botanical flypaper.

Finding the plant is a seasonal treat, because Butterworts can disappear altogether later in the season, leaving not a trace of their existence.

The flower is as odd as the flesh-eating foliage. The petals look like the impact of a yellow paintball. The rear end of the flower has the nectar sequestered in a hollow tail, the spur. Looking into the entranceway into the flower, notice a shaggy pillow (palate) greeting the bee, reminiscent of the lip ornamentation leading into some orchids. As the bee crawls into the floral tunnel past the shag-pillow, it pushes past large complex multicelled “hairs” arranged in tufts like brushes along the sides, floor, and perhaps roof of the floral tube. The shag-pillow palate and restrictive brushes capture the bee temporarily to position it for pollen exchange. This has been called “pinch-trap pollination.” My post-university mentor, the late botanist Dr. Carroll Wood, once found a bee still pinch-trapped in a museum (herbarium) specimen of Pinguicula lutea. The bee must feel as I do pinch-trapped between those giant brushes in the carwash.

Pinch-trapped by shag-pillows!

8 Comments

Posted by George Rogers on February 8, 2014 in Butterwort, Yellow Butterwort

Tags: Butterwort, Pinguicula lutea

Sand Pine

01 Feb

Sand Pine

Pinus clausa

Pinaceae

Friday John and George visited Seabranch State Park near Hobe Sound, a scrub area, or you might say a scrubby pine woods. Except for a mantis praying, not much out of the ordinary, so we enjoyed the ordinary dominant Sand Pine trees.

Praying Mantis. All of today’s photos are by John Bradford.

Two pines are native in our usual haunts, one being Sand Pine and the other Slash Pine. CLICK Sand Pine tends to be a small gnarly hurricane-whipped scrub tree, although, given a chance, it can reach 60-80 feet tall. They mature quickly, able under ideal conditions to form cones at under a year old, often reproducing by five years. Yesterday we saw mature cones on the trunks of youngsters. That’s one way of coping with fires and hurricanes: make seeds before trouble hits.

Sand Pine in the scrub.

Todays the pines were maturing male cones resembling small yellow cigarettes, some already releasing pollen. The emerging female cones are about the size of a pea, but scaly. They take two years to mature into the familiar woody pine cones, and may remain on the tree for many more years until fire separates the scales and allows the seeds to fall onto the fire-cleared ground,

Young male cones.

The Sand Pines in South Florida tend to have “serotinous” cones, that is, requiring fire to open up, although a walk in the woods shows some to open fireless. “Clausa” means closed-in. Oddly, there exists a second, northern, population in and near the Florida Panhandle separated from the southern distribution by a geographic gap. The northern population has non-serotinous cones. That is, they differ from the southern Sand Pines by having the cones open when mature and letting the seeds flutter without benefit of flames.

Young female cone

Now hold on there, that’s interesting. To reiterate, we have a species spread the length of Florida with a gap in the middle. North of the gap the cones open up, whereas south of the gap the cones wait for fire, although these tendencies are not 100%. The difference has led some botanists to classify the northern open-cone-pines as one variety and the southern closed-cone-pines as a separate variety. (Variety is a category below species in the classification hierarchy. Species can be subdivided into varieties.)

This mature female cone opened with no apparent help from fire, even though it comes from the southern “closed cone” population.

The formal designation of two distinct varieties isn’t very convincing and doesn’t interest me much, but how that north-south difference in cone-behavior came about is something to ponder. Three possibilities come to mind:

Possibility 1. Slow evolution. Perhaps the two populations have been apart long enough for each to experience its own evolutionary divergence, with the cone difference being the most prominent distinction. If that is so, was fire historically more a factor in the southern region than in the north? Or could it be that in the cold north it is better to drop the seeds into the protective earth than dangle them in the frosty air? (There are other serotinous pine species in northern regions.) Of the three possibilities this one strikes me as most likely.

Possibility 2. The southern population originating from a few closed-cone founders. Maybe the Sand Pines originated in the north while most of Florida was submerged, and then maybe just by chance a closed-cone great ancestor jumped whatever gap(s) existed in prehistoric times to populate the southern region with its closed-cone descendants. Scrub habitats at times of high water in millennia past were islands, and maybe a closed-cone “island” population developed and spread southward. This possibility is called the “founder effect.” There is a nice Wikipedia elaboration on this linked in the notes below.

Possibility 3. Environmental cues. Conceivably some environmental difference—soil, water, temperature—determines the cone type on any given specimen during its individual development. If you have 10 years and a truck, you could plant some closed cone-types in the northern zone and vice versa and see if the reciprocal transplants each conform to their new digs. Don’t hold your breath.

Possibility 4. None of the above, or a combination of factors.

Preliminary DNA study shows more variability within each of the two Sand Pine populations than between them. In other words, DNA so far does not support recognition of two different named varieties, although there seem to be minor differences in their reproductive cycles. The southern closed-cone types tend to be more uniform in age and in genetic variation (over small distances) than their northern counterparts. Such uniformity might result from uniform repopulation after fire or hurricanes like grass regrowing uniformly after mowing, or maybe it comes from possibility #2, the founder effect, given that a small founder population would be less diverse than the large, widespread population to the north.

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Notes:

CLICK

CLICK AGAIN

Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Founder_effect

10 Comments

Posted by George Rogers on February 1, 2014 in Sand Pine

Tags: Pinus clausa, Sand Pine, Seabranch

Wakodahatchee and Green Cay Recycle Sewer Water, Entertain Bird-Watchers, and Spawn Super-Herbs

28 Jan

Great Blue Heron (JB)

Green Kay Nature Center CLICK

Boynton Beach

Has restrooms, gift shop, visitor center, ample parking

100 acres with 1.5-mile boardwalk

Wakodahatchee Wetlands CLICK

Delray Beach

Has coarse restrooms but no visitor center, parking jammed on busy days

50 acres with ¾-mile boardwalk

“Palm Beach County Water Utilities Department’s Southern Region Water Reclamation Facility pumps approximately two million gallons of highly treated water into the Wakodahatchee Wetlands. By acting as a natural filter for the nutrients that remain, the wetlands work to further cleanse the water.” (From the Wakodahatchee web site)

John was away having fun Friday, so today’s topic is more southern than usual. My wife Donna and I skipped around the Wakodahatchee Wetlands boardwalk in Delray Beach, then a second loop to prolong the joy. Near each other geographically, Wakodahatchee and Green Cay are wastewater reclamation sites with benefits. Sewage treatment generates leftover water after subtracting solids and organic matter, and pathogen suppression. The most salient problem with the the effluent is its heavy nutrient load, a special curse here in nutrient-overloaded Florida and its beleaguered aquifers.

Wood Stork (by JB)

There are varied ways to dispose of the juice, and they all stink. One approach is to spread it over an area inhabited by marshy plants to extract the unwanted nutrients. It is not my intent to evaluate the environmental pros and cons of such treatment as opposed to alternatives. You have to do something with stinkjuice, so we might as well enjoy it. Wakodahatchee Wetlands and Green Cay service millions of reclaimed gallons daily over a collective 150 acres. (The water smells only a teensie weensie. Not a problem to most noses.)

Roseate Spoonbills (JB)

Now to the good stuff. Both wetlands are famous for is birds and critters: anhingas, bobcats, coots, cormorants, ducks, ducks and more ducks, egrets, gators, glossy ibis, grebes, herons of all stripes, marsh hares, marsh wrens, moorhens, people in funny hats, purple galinules, spoonbills, warblers, wood storks, and more. What a joy to see so many people drawn to the birds and bees, and as a byproduct of sewage no less.

Now what about the botany? The fauna upstages the flora, but still the plants give a glimpse of life in a super-nutrient-enriched soup. Is it fair to state that native Florida marsh plants tend to be nutrient-limited under pristine natural circumstances? The designers of Green Cay say they modeled the “ecosystem” on the Everglades. But what could be farther apart environmentally: at one extreme, the Everglades where we worry about 10 parts per billion phosphorus, and at the other pole, sewage broth with a smorgasboard of nutrients. Reclaimed water in Naples has phosphorus at 370 parts per billion. Or to put it differently, the Everglades model leaves me behind as soon as I don’t see Sawgrass!

It is not only Sawgrass that is missing or scarce. We think of Cattails invading the Everglades thanks to nutrient pollution, yet cattails are not an important presence at today’s venues. The dominant plants are: Alligator Flag (Thalia geniculata), Arrowhead (Sagittaria lancifolia), Bulrushes (Schoenoplectus species), Knotted Spikerush (Eleocharis interstincta), Pickerelweed (Pontederia cordata), Pondapples (Annona glabra) with cormorant nests and guano, Spadderdock (Nuphar luteum) with floating tubers as big as alligators, and Water Lettuce (Pistia stratiotes). There are others, of course, but the lush vista is species-poor missing the fine-tuned diversity of grasses, sedges, rushes, xyris, wetland shrubs, and wildflowers typically encountered in natural wetland ecosystems.

The created wetlands are a study of plant life in unlimited water, unlimited sunshine, and an overdose of nutrients. So then, with all that abundance, what does limit plant growth there in marsh heaven? Perhaps space to grow. Wakodahatchee and Green Cay are wall-to-wall with a comparatively small number of planted species and uninvited others in massive often monospecific stands. Acre-sized drifts of single species.

In a nutshell, to a visitor with a camera interested in birds the sites are a delight, and that is genuinely a wonderful thing. I am enthusiastically one of the delighted, funny hat an all. I go there frequently and love it for all the favorable features, even if botanically the “ecosystem” is more of heavily fertilized garden than a Florida wetland. Hey, I like gardens too.

Hydrocotyle spreading at Wakodahatchee

Some of the spontaneous species are abundant and eye-catching. In the Carrot Family, Water-Pennyworts, Hydrocotyle umbellata (I think it is umbellata from above on the boardwalk), form sprawling rhizomatous mats. Hydrocotyles are the dreaded Dollarweeds in suburban lawns. You’d never see the relationship to carrots without a close look at the flowers, or maybe a sniff of bruised leaves. University of Michigan ethnobotancial files record Seminoles applying the herbs against “turtle sickness,” i.e. “tembling, short breath, and cough.” I think I might suffer T.S. just before public presentations, but I’ll just imagine the crowd in their skivvies, because, as with many members of the Carrott Family, ingesting the plant is a toxic gamble. My neurotic anxieties aside, Hydrocotyles are prominent in herbology. CLICK

Water-Hyssop island carpet at Wakodahatchee

Another modest mud-dweller, Water-Hyssop, Bacopa monnieri, is again an herbal superstar. This little member of the erstwhile Scropulariaceae has a medicinal reputation out of proportion for a nutrient-greedy mat-forming weed. Regarded debatably as a Florida native, this small creeper is all around the warm-climate world, and has has ancient names in both hemispheres. In both the Eastern and Western hemispheres old medicinal uses abound, too many to list, although recurrent applications are against rheumatism and to counter neurologic disorders. To skip ahead a few centuries, the species has popped into modern medical research of interest against Alzheimer’s Disease, perhaps a contemporary echo of ancient uses against dementia.

Take two Bacopas and call me in the morning.

9 Comments

Posted by George Rogers on January 28, 2014 in Green Cay, Wakodahatchee Wetlands

Tags: bacopa, Green Cay, hydrocotyle, wakodahatchee

Fettered, Staggering, and Getting By

18 Jan

Staggerbush (Coastalplain Staggerbush) Lyonia fruticosa

Fetterbush, Lyonia lucida (In other regions the name “Fetterbush” applies to different species.)

Ericaceae

Tarflower was in bloom a little yesterday. All of today’s photos are by JB. This flower is about an inch across. Those of the species shown below are much smaller.

“Fettered” and “staggering” describe John and George’s web site development process (www.floridagrasses.org), but these terms are also the botanical headlines of our trip to Halpatioke Park in Stuart, Florida, yesterday to seek grass photos for the site. Photogenic Poaceae were scarce, but Staggerbush (Lyonia fruticosa), with its rusty fuzz, and the fuzzless Fetterbush (Lyonia lucida) were abundant and in flower. Fetterbush flowers were the blossom du jour throughout the land, millions of them all pretty in pink. By dint of showiness, they earn most of today’s attention. Their relative Tarflower (Bejaria racemosa) was sporting a few blossoms itself.

Staggerbush (Lyonia fruticosa)

These are all members of the Azalea Family, the Ericaceae. Altogether there exist 35 species of Lyonia, named for John Lyon, best known for botanical exploration in the southern Appalachians around 1800, as well as at least one Florida visit. He was a gardener, mostly in Philadelphia, and had an “eye” for ornamental Ericaceae. Lyons may be the only botanist to “re-discover,” fleetingly, William Bartram’s lost Franklin Tree in Georgia. (After that, it evaporated from the wild for keeps.) To get back to interpreting the names, fruticosa mans shrubby, and lucida means bright.

Fetterbush pinkies. The flowers are more elongate than those of Staggerbush.

Staggerbush grows only in Florida and nearby states. Often on its leaves appear bizarre growths about the size and shape of a mutated human ear, and bright pink. Very eye-catching. Looks like a gall, but, no, it is a response to a fungal infection. To see these, go for a walk, preferably along the Trail to the River. CLICK

Fetterbush grows from Virginia to Florida, and hops to Cuba where the flowers have a subtly different shape. For the most part it prefers acid sites with seasonal flooding or bad drainage, but its tolerances are broad, extending locally into scrubby habitats. With no data, it seems to us that Staggerbush is more tolerant of higher drier scrub, although the two often occur together on white sand. Fetterbush is okay in some shade, or in the sun. They are both rise from below after burning.

Yipes stripes! Fetterbush unripe capsules please the eye.

Both of our Lyonia species have small vase-shaped flowers, L. fruticosa white and popular with bees, and L. lucida usually pink and much-less conspicuously visited. Floral visitors were absent yesterday despite the magnificent floral display. Duh, it’s winter, but January is not the entire story.

Fetterbush ripe capsules

Botanist John Benning recently studied the floral biology of Fetterbush in Florida and experienced surprise, although in need of further study: Unlike other Lyonias, Fetterbush may generally not bee a honey-maker. The main pollinators seem to be, so far, nocturnal moths. Looking further into this seems a perfect project for student research: inexpensive and fun. John and I would do it but we go to bed too early. At a glance, Fetterbush flowers seem to be a bit extra-elongate, maybe excluding bees and better-fitted to a moth’s longer proboscis. Data in Flora of North America show the Fetterbush blossoms as reaching 9 mm long as opposed to a mere 5 mm limit in Staggerbush. Fetterbush extends its moth relationship as a larval host for caterpillars of Datana moth species. The adult feeding of Datana moths is not well studied.

Notes:

Did John Lyon re-find Franklinia? CLICK to ponder

Is Fetterbush a “moth” flower? PROBE with your proboscis

Where can I get one? SPEND here

15 Comments

Posted by George Rogers on January 18, 2014 in Fetterbush, Staggerbush

Tags: Fetterbush, Lyonia, Staggerbush

Gaylussacia dumosa

Ericaceae

John's and my blog this week

Saw Grass

Cladium jamaicense

Cyperaceae

John's and my blog this week

Spurred Butterfly Pea

Centrosema virginianum

Fabaceae

John's and my blog this week

Lawn Orchid, Soldiers Orchid

Zeuxine strateumatica

Orchidaceae

John's and my blog this week

Brookweed

Samolus verlandi (Or Samolus verlandi subsp. parviflorus, or S. parviflorus)

Traditionally Primulaceae (Or Samolaceae)

John's and my blog this week

Golden-Asters

Chrysopsis scabrella

Asteraceae

John's and my blog this week

Yellow Butterwort

Pinguicula lutea CLICK

Lentibulariaceae

John's and my blog this week

Sand Pine

Pinus clausa

Pinaceae

John's and my blog this week

Green Kay Nature Center CLICK

Wakodahatchee Wetlands CLICK

John's and my blog this week

Staggerbush (Coastalplain Staggerbush) Lyonia fruticosa

Fetterbush, Lyonia lucida (In other regions the name “Fetterbush” applies to different species.)

Ericaceae

John's and my blog this week

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